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    铸钢(gāng)件”气孔(kǒng)“是个大难(nán)题?5方面***解析气孔(kǒng)产生原因

    发布时间: 2020-04-07 来源:洛阳 JDB公司的主业是以基础设施建设工程和冶金矿山等为主题的装备制造业。公司主要产品有凿岩机、凿岩钻车钻架、凿岩钎具和气动工具等四个大类。产品广泛应用于交通设施、水电工程、能源开发、国防建设和机械制造等领域。和顺祥机械有(yǒu)限公司 点击:1203

    铸(zhù)钢件(jiàn)”气孔(kǒng)“是个大难题?5方面(miàn)***解析气孔产生原因

    image.png

    特征:“内生”式气孔,钢液中气体随温度下降其溶解度(dù)急剧(jù)减少(shǎo),气(qì)体(tǐ)向(xiàng)较高温度(dù)扩散至壁较厚部位,严重时遍布冒口下部部位(wèi);“外生(shēng)”式(shì)气孔,这类(lèi)气孔呈梨形,细颈方向指向气体来源,发生(shēng)在铸件表面或皮下(xià),热处(chù)理后或加工后可发现。原因(yīn)分(fèn)析(xī):炼钢过(guò)程中脱氧不(bú)良

      1.1气孔分四种:侵入气孔,抑出(chū)气孔,反(fǎn)应气孔,卷入气孔(kǒng)

      (1)侵入气(qì)孔:尺寸较大,孔壁光滑,表面氧化(huà),多数量梨形或(huò)椭(tuǒ)圆形,位于铸(zhù)件表面或内部;

     (2)抑出(chū)气孔:多是(shì)细小的,呈现圆形,椭圆形或针状,分布(bù)在铸件整体或一(yī)部份;内壁光滑而明亮;

      (3)反应气(qì)孔:位于铸件(jiàn)表皮下,有的呈分散状的针(zhēn)形孔,有的隐藏在铸件上部上半百夹渣;

      (4)卷入气孔:浇注过程中,液态金属由浇(jiāo)注系统或型空卷入气体所(suǒ)造成气(qì)孔。 

      1.2气孔产生的原因(yīn):

    在(zài)常压下凡是增加金属中气体(tǐ)的含量(liàng)和阻碍气(qì)泡(pào)逸出金属表(biǎo)面的因素,都可能促(cù)使铸(zhù)件产生气孔。生产中的原因有(yǒu):    

    (1)铸件结(jié)构方面的原因:

    1)较大平面铸件,浇注时处于水平位置(zhì),液(yè)体金属中浮(fú)的气泡到达平面时,往往因(yīn)不平面阻挡(dǎng)不能上浮,如表面已经(jīng)凝(níng)固或气(qì)泡不(bú)能通过(guò)型芯壁逸出型外(wài),将产生气孔(kǒng);

    2)铸件壁较薄(báo),浇速(sù)较快(kuài),气(qì)体压力高而引(yǐn)起沸腾;

    3)铸件凹角(jiǎo)处圆角半径太小,容易(yì)产生(shēng)凹角(jiǎo)气孔。   

    (2)合金冶炼(liàn)方面的(de)原(yuán)因:

    1)金属炉料质量低劣,表面严(yán)重氧化,带有油污,表面(miàn)多孔,杂质(zhì)太多,厚度(dù)太薄(báo),的金(jīn)属材料,使溶炼的液体金属的气体和金属氧化(huà)物含量过多,容易使铸件生(shēng)气(qì)孔;

    2)炉料潮湿;

    3)金属炉料尺寸太小或太松散;

    4)冶金过程脱氧不(bú)完全,或不定加入量不(bú)足,铝锭上浮(fú)部份进入炉渣导致(zhì)实际上用来脱氧(yǎng)的(de)铝量不足;

    5)熔炼(liàn)过程(chéng)温度控制不当,钢水温度太低或钢渣太高;

    6)炉壁、出铁槽、浇包未充分干燥(zào);

    7)炉渣控制不良;

    8)熔炼时间太(tài)长(zhǎng);

    9)合(hé)金化学成份不合格。

    (3)工艺(yì)设计方面的原因:

    1)芯头设计不良;

    2)芯头间隙过大(dà)金属流(liú)入排气堵塞;

    3)砂箱高度(dù)太低,静(jìng)压力低;

    4)浇注系(xì)统形成或(huò)选择(zé)不正确(què)。浇注系统和(hé)型腔在浇注过程中卷入气体而(ér)不能排除

     高大铸件采用顶(dǐng)注,落差大,冲击(jī)、飞溅,单(dān)纯浇注,上部较早凝固(gù),阻碍液(yè)体排出;

    5)内(nèi)浇口(kǒu)位(wèi)置不合理;

    6)型腔(qiāng)排气不畅,冒(mào)口太少或出气孔(kǒng)太少。   

    (4)型砂(shā)、芯(xīn)砂、涂料方面的原因:

    1)型砂或(huò)芯砂,透气性差,砂粒太细(xì)粘土含量太高(gāo);

    2)型(xíng)砂的水(shuǐ)分含(hán)量太(tài)高;

    3)型(xíng)砂的耐火度太低(型壁发生严重浇注,致(zhì)使透气性(xìng)下降)

    4)型砂中发气,物质加入量太多;

    5)涂料选(xuǎn)用不当(dāng),涂料中发生物质加入量太多;

    6)冷铁涂料处理不当。

    (5)造(zào)型和造芯方面的(de)原因(yīn):

    1)砂芯浇有(yǒu)做出排气道或排气不合理;

    2)砂型、芯、冷铁、芯撑等温度相差(chà)太悬殊;

    3)砂型没(méi)彻底焊干(gàn)或返潮;

    4)冷铁(tiě)或芯撑没有焊(hàn)干表(biǎo)面生锈或沾(zhān)上(shàng)油渍(zì);

    5)砂型(xíng)或砂芯局部紧实度(dù)太高,透(tòu)气(qì)性(xìng)太低(dī);

    6)浇(jiāo)注(zhù)原因产生卷入气泡,通常先慢,后快,再慢的浇注方法。